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Phetchabun Mountains : āđ€āļ—āļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒ

āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļīāđ€āļ§āļĻ āđ€āļ—āļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļĢāļđāļ“āđŒ
āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ

āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒāđ€āļ—āļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĨāļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļīāļĒāļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļĒ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ™āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ āļēāļ„āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļ™ NGO āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢ āļžāļđāļ”āļ„āļļāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰

āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒāđ€āļ—āļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ āļđāđ€āļ‚āļēāļŠāļđāļ‡āļŠāļĨāļąāļšāļ‹āļąāļšāļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļ™ āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļđāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆ 500–1,571 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ āļđāđ€āļ‚āļēāļŠāļđāļ‡ āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļīāļĻāļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ•āļāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļĒ āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ āļđāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļķāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ āļđāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ āļđāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ—āđˆāļēāļĨāļĩāđˆ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ”āđˆāļēāļ™āļ‹āđ‰āļēāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ™āļēāđāļŦāđ‰āļ§āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ” āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļēāļ§ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļŦāļĨāđˆāļĄāđ€āļāđˆāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āđ€āļ‚āļēāļ„āđ‰āļ­ āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļēāļšāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ‚āļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļ›āļĨāļđāļ āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļēāļšāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļĄāļĩāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĄāļēāļ āđƒāļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ„āļ·āļ­āļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļĨāļĒ āļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ‚āļ‚āļ‡ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆāļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ§āļąāļ‡āļŠāļ°āļžāļļāļ‡ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļ„āļēāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļĩ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĄāļĩāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļēāļšāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļĄāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ›āđˆāļēāļŠāļąāļāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļŦāļĨāđˆāļĄāđ€āļāđˆāļē āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļĩ

āđ€āļ—āļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ–āļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āđāļ‡āđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļ›āđˆāļēāđ„āļĄāđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļŦāļĨāļĨāļ‡āļŠāļđāđˆāđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļĻāļąāļ™āđŒ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļļāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ›āđˆāļē āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 10 āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļ āļđāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­ āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļ āļđāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļĒ āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļļāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ›āđˆāļēāļ āļđāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļļāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ›āđˆāļēāļ āļđāļ„āđ‰āļ­ āļ āļđāļāļĢāļ°āđāļ• āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļ āļđāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļķāļ‡ āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļēāļ§ āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļ āļđāļœāļēāļĄāđˆāļēāļ™ āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļ āļđāļŦāļīāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāđ‰āļē āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļ—āļļāđˆāļ‡āđāļŠāļĨāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđ€āļ‚āļēāļ„āđ‰āļ­

āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āđˆāļēāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĨāļ GEF Small Grants Programme: GEF SGP āļĢāļļāđˆāļ™ 12/4 (OP 5 Year 4) āļĄāļĩāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āđˆāļēāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ›āđˆāļēāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļĄāļ›āđˆāļēāđ„āļĄāđ‰āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 51,635 āđ„āļĢāđˆ

āļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāļēāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒāđ€āļ—āļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāļžāļļāļ‡āđ„āļŦāļĨāļĨāļ‡āļŠāļđāđˆāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ›āđˆāļēāļŠāļąāļ āļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļĨāļĒāđ„āļŦāļĨāļĨāļ‡āļŠāļđāđˆāđāļĄāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ‚āļ‚āļ‡ āļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļĄāļąāļ™āđ„āļŦāļĨāļĨāļ‡āļŠāļđāđˆāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļŦāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļŦāļĨāļĨāļ‡āļŠāļđāđˆāđāļĄāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ‚āļ‚āļ‡ āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļžāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļŦāļĨāļĨāļ‡āļŠāļđāđˆāđāļĄāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļģāļžāļ­āļ‡ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ™āđāļāđˆāļ™ āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ‹āļīāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļĄāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļĄāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ‚āđ‡āļāđ„āļŦāļĨāļĨāļ‡āļŠāļđāđˆāđāļĄāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ™āđˆāļēāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļąāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļīāļĻāļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ•āļ

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āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļąāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļīāļĻāļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ•āļ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļģāļšāļĨāđ€āļ‚āđ‡āļāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āđ€āļ‚āļēāļ„āđ‰āļ­ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļļāļĄāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļ•āļīāļŠāļđāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ°āļāļĨāļđāđāļ‹āđ‰ āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļžāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļąāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļīāļĻāļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļ­āļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļĒāļĄāļēāļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļēāļ§ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļŦāļĨāđˆāļĄāđ€āļāđˆāļē āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ§āļīāļ–āļĩāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļšāļšāđ„āļ—āđ€āļĨāļĒ–āđ„āļ—āļŦāļĨāđˆāļĄ â€“āđ„āļ—āđ„āļ•āđ‰ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļģāđ€āļ™āļĩāļĒāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļēāļĄāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ” āļ„āļ·āļ­āđ„āļ—āđ€āļĨāļĒ āđ„āļ—āļŦāļĨāđˆāļĄāļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļŠāļģāđ€āļ™āļĩāļĒāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ„āļ—āđ„āļ•āđ‰āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļŠāļģāđ€āļ™āļĩāļĒāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļēāđāļšāļšāļ„āļ™āļ­āļĩāļŠāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļžāļĒāļžāļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĄāļŦāļēāļŠāļēāļĢāļ„āļēāļĄ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ­āļļāļšāļĨāļĢāļēāļŠāļ˜āļēāļ™āļĩ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļēāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ›āļ—āļēāļ™āļ›āđˆāļēāđ„āļĄāđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļāļđāļžāļ·āļŠāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ•āļēāļĄāđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļ§āļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ 3 āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļĒāļāļĒāđ‰āļēāļĒāļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āļāļēāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļēāļ§āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ§āļąāļ‡āļŠāļ°āļžāļļāļ‡ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļ āļđāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļķāļ‡ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļĒ āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļœāļŠāļĄāļœāļŠāļēāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­ āļ āļēāļĐāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ§āļīāļ–āļĩāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļ•āļīāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđāļ™āđˆāļ™āđāļŸāđ‰āļ™ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļąāļ™āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļ™ āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļāļąāļ™āđāļšāļšāļžāļĩāđˆāđāļšāļšāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļ™āļ­āļšāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļœāđ‰āļđāļ­āļēāļ§āļļāđ‚āļŠāđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļžāļīāļžāļēāļ—āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļāļĨāđˆāđ€āļāļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļœāđ‰āļđāļ­āļēāļ§āļļāđ‚āļŠāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”āļˆāļ™āļĄāļĩāļāļŽāļāļ•āļīāļāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ‡āļšāļŠāļļāļ‚

āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļīāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļīāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāļ›āļĨāļđāļāļžāļ·āļŠāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļēāļšāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ‚āļēāļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļđāļāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āđ‚āļžāļ” āļĒāļēāļ‡āļžāļēāļĢāļē āļĄāļąāļ™āļŠāļģāļ›āļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļēāļšāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļđāļāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§ āļ­āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āļĄāļĩāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāđāļšāļšāļœāļŠāļĄāļœāļŠāļēāļ™ āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ›āđˆāļēāļŠāļ‡āļ§āļ™ āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āđŒāļīāđāļšāļšāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ (āļ āļšāļ—.5) āļˆāļēāļāļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒāļĄāļĩāļŠāļ āļēāļžāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ āļđāđ€āļ‚āļē āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļāļđāļžāļ·āļŠāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒāļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļē

āļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļēāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāđāļœāļ™āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒāđ€āļ—āļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒ (āđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒ – āđ€āļĨāļĒ) āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ”āļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļē āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļš āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē "āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ„āļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļđāļāļžāļ·āļŠāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢāļšāļļāļāļĢāļļāļāļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āđˆāļēāđ„āļĄāđ‰" āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļ”āļīāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļŠāļ āļēāļžāđāļ•āđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļ­āļĩāļāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ­āļĩāļāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļē

āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļļāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒ āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļļāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒāļ›āđˆāļēāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĄāļĩāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļ›āđˆāļēāđ„āļĄāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ™āļļāļĢāļąāļāļĐāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļąāļšāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāļāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļšāļąāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĨāļ(gef)āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļĢāļļāđˆāļ™ 12/4 (OP5Year4) āļ˜āļąāļ™āļ§āļēāļ„āļĄ 2558 – āļžāļĪāļĐāļ āļēāļ„āļĄ 2560 āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ™āļļāļĢāļąāļāļĐāđŒāļ›āđˆāļēāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļ›āđˆāļēāļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļļāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ›āđˆāļē āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļēāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāļēāļāļĨ āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļķāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ™āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļĩāđ‰āļ™āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ™āļīāđ€āļ§āļĻ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļĄāļēāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•

āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ”āļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļē āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļš āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ„āļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļđāļāļžāļ·āļŠāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢāļšāļļāļāļĢāļļāļāļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āđˆāļēāđ„āļĄāđ‰

āļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒāđ€āļ—āļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒāđŒ āļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļˆāļķāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ āļēāļ„āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ•āđˆāļģ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ›āļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŠāļīāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļđāđ‰āļĒāļ·āļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļģāļĄāļēāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļĄāļĨāđ‡āļ”āļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļļ āļ›āļļāđ‹āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļĒāļēāļ†āđˆāļēāđāļĄāļĨāļ‡ āļ„āđˆāļēāļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āđˆāļēāđ„āļ–āļžāļĢāļ§āļ™ āļ§āļīāļ–āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ‚āļēāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļģāļ™āļķāļāļ–āļķāļ‡āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ™āļīāđ€āļ§āļĻ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļē āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢāļšāļļāļāļĢāļļāļāļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āđˆāļēāđ„āļĄāđ‰ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢ āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ”āļīāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄ āļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ”āļīāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļ—āļĢāļĄāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļī āļ āļēāļžāļœāļĨāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļģāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ™āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ™ āļ‚āļēāļ”āļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļžāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļž āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ‚āļēāļ”āđāļ„āļĨāļ™āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāđāļšāļšāļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļ–āļđāļāļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒ āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļģāļāļīāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ§āļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āđƒāļˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāđ„āļŸāļ›āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢ āļāļēāļĢāļĨāđˆāļēāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‡āļ›āļĻāļļāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒ āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ āļąāļĒ āđāļĨāđ‰āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ›āđˆāļēāļšāļļāļāļĢāļļāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļŠāļ āļēāļžāđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļ‚āļēāļ” āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒāđ€āļ—āļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļāļĢāļ­āļšāļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ 4 āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĨāļ

āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰

1.āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ™āļļāļĢāļąāļāļĐāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļŸāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļŸāļđāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢ āļ”āļīāļ™ āļ™āđ‰āļģ āļ›āđˆāļē āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™
2.āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™
3.āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļĨāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŠāļđāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™
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Phetchabun Mountains

Landscape strategy for enhancing resilience capacity of socio-economic and ecological system: Phetchabun Mountains, Thailand

Under GEF involvement, and to facilitate the management, Petchabun Landscape encompasses the implemented area within Petchabun and Loei Province where a number of CBOs and NGOs have been actively collaborating and launching development work. In general, the landscape are mountainous area of different height, from 500-1,571 meters above sea level. High mountains are included in the western area in Phu Kradueng, Phu Luang,Phu Rua, Tha Li, Darnsai and Na Haew District of Loei Province, while plain areas between mountains used for cultivation and residence are in Petchabun Province’ s districts of Namnao, Lomkao and Khao Khor. There are quite limit lowland area in the central part of Loei Province in Wangsaphung, Chiangkharn, and Muang District , with two notable river basins, i.e. Loei River Basin and Mekong River Basin. This lowland area is suitable for cultivation. Another river basin-Parsak River Basin-in Petchabun Province’s Lomkao District is also suitable for cultivation.

Pechabun Landscape is endowed with rich natural resources especially forest resources and watersheds of several major rivers of the country which are integrated ecosystems of GEF international waters. There are 10 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries as follows:

1. Phu Rua National Park , with approximate area 121.98 sq,km

2. Phu Suansai National Park, with approximate area 109.33 sq,km

3. Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, with approximate area 897 sq,km

4. Phu Khor Phu Kratae, with approximate area 232.5 sq,km

5. Phu Kra Dueng National Park, with approximate area 265.38 sq,km

6. Nam Nao National Park, with approximate area 974.26 sq,km

7. Phu Pha Marn National Park , with approximate area 355.51 sq. km.

8. Phu Hin Rongkar National Park , with approximate area 304.96 sq. km

9. Thung Salaengluang National Park , with approximate area 12,624 sq. km

10. Khao Khor National Park , with approximate area 483.78 sq. km

Communities of GEF SGP OP5 Year 4 have been launching activities which resulted in emergence of community forest with approximate area of 82.6 sq. km., included both registered and non-registered with Royal Forestry Department.

Major river basin originating in the landscape are Phung River Basin draining into Parsak River, thence passing through Petchabun Province, Lopburi Province and Saraburi Province before converging with Chaophaya River at Ayudhaya Province. The total length of this water is about 350 km. Loei River Basin , 213-293 km long flows down into Mekhong River. Nam Man River Basin (95 km.long) drains into Huang River (140 km.long) ,thence to Mekong River. Phong River Basin drains into Phong River( 275 km.long) in Khonkaen Province, and Khek River Basin drains into Nan River in the west of the landcape.

Social relations in the landscape differs very slightly, slightly but in a large picture it is fairly similar. In Tamblo Khek Noi, Petchabun Province’ s Namnao District , the west of the landscape which is home to a cultural group, Hmong, culture and belief are the main principles to define relations of community members which emphasizes the kinship and ancestor. The majority of community members in this area have been practicing agriculture. As to the eastern part of the landscape , from Loei Province to Petchabun Province’s Namnao and Lomkao District, social relations appear to be that of agricultural community with Thai Loei-Thai Lom-Thai Tai culture. The dialect accent of the group are slightly different. While Thai Loei and Thai Lom possess Luang Phabang Dialect, Thai Tai does the mainstream northeastern dialects from Mahasarakharm and Ubolratchathani Province whose communities had migrated into the landscape during the era of forest concession and promotion of mono-crop plantation under the green revolution of the 3th National Social and Economic Plan. Scattered in Petchabun Province’s Namnao District and Loei Province’s Wangsaphung and Phu Kradeng District, the migration has caused an assimilation on cultural belief, language and harmonious, mutual supporting and community elder-respecting ways of life. This was usually witnessed by solving community conflicts by the intercession of community elders. By-and-large, community members give priority and importance to public activities with due respect to and observation of culturally established community rules and regulations, resulting in a harmonious society.

In general, land use is for agriculture, especially mono-crops. Classified by terrain, plain areas in the valley or between mountains are used for corn, para rubber, tapioca, while lowland plain for paddy, sugar cane, with a few areas for integrated farming. A larger portion of the land is included in forest reserve area. Land ownership is validated through land tax payment ,so called Por Bor Thor 5. General patterns of land use are inconsistent with conditions of the terrain thus have adversely affected the environment in the landscape with persisting complicated problems.

Based on the result of assessment of baseline in the landscape summarized from participatory brainstorming/debates at local level, it was concluded that the main driver of environment degradation was that mono-crop plantation leading to forest encroachment , land degradation, inefficient production process, insecurity of occupation and limited supplementary occupation, shortage of water source for developing system of sustainable agriculture, undermined food security, issues on arable land rights, wildfire problem, draughts, and wild animals intruding into cultivated land. All these have been attributed to inappropriate community behaviour, community context, lack of appropriate management and other system.

The existing capital in the landscape is the strong congregation of CBOs active in natural resources and environment development which takes shape and be seen in community forest network, and environment network. The landscape contains existing forest resources which is the result of joint effort of conservation and collaboration with concerned government agencies under the support of GEF SGP OP 5 Year 4 during December 2015-May 2017. The relevant supporting activities included conserving community forests, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries which constitute strategic area for natural resources and environment, watersheds for major river basins of Thailand and of GEF international water. The other capitals of the landscape are cultural cohesion as well adapted indigenous knowledge/ practices to guide livelihood activities in the landscape.

The landscape location is included within Petchabun and Loei Province which is an area of ecological

significance comprising 10 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries with total approximate area of 5,007.05 sq.km., community forests from community conservation effort of 82.6 sq. km.,and watershed of major rivers of the country and of GEF international water i.e. Nam Phung River Basin, Parsak River Basin draining into Chaophaya River, Nam Man River Basin, Huung River Basin,Loei River Basin,Phong River Basin,Sern River Basin all draining into Mekong River, Khek River draining into Nan River. In addition to the ecological significance, the landscape has been target area for groups of environmental NGOs and CBOs which were the GEF SGP grantees during OP 5 year 4. After the completion of the supported projects, these NGOs/CBOs are still collaborating to further environment development in the location, as well as reaching out to other groups in the landscape. This is the main reason for selecting the landscape as the target location of project implementation.

10-year Goal: Natural resources and ecological systems in Phetchabun Mountains are being used and managed in a balanced manner , with increased capacity of community, under sound participatory management and good governance

Situation Analysis ( Threats and Opportunities)

- The socio-economic context of the target landscape encompasses the commercialized agricultural-rural communities, since target population depends mainly upon agricultural practices for sales as the main source of income. However, such an income is rated as low due to its yearly nature and debt burden from borrowing money for the practices, such as for seeds, fertilizer, pesticide, hired labour, and plowing machinery. The commercialized way of production, as a rule, stresses on produced quantity without due recognition and awareness of adverse effects to the ecosystems that leads to following problems on deforestation for more cultivated land and land degradation as a result of chemical use, inefficient production system, low quantity and quality yields, insecurity of occupation and limited supplementary/optional occupation, shortage of water source for developing system of sustainable agriculture, undermined food security due to damaged resources bases, issues on arable land rights due to public land reclamation and uncertainty in land right, limited options for access to funding sources, wildfire from field burning, hunting and husbandry , draughts, and wild animals intruding into cultivated land. All these have been attributed to unsuitable community behavior, community context, lack of appropriate management and of other systems. This existing situation and problems in the landscape are well recognized and requiring genuine attention to rectify and further develop under the 4 strategic frameworks of GEF.

Strategy For Developing Landscape Resilience ( Outcomes and Indicators of Success)
Main Directions for Developing the Landscape:

-Promoting and supporting community participation in sustainable conservation of land, water and forest resource

-Promoting and supporting efficiency improvement of sustainable production system

-Promoting, supporting and developing diversified occupations for creating economy based on community resources in a sustainable manner

-Promoting and developing mechanism for effective and equitable management system

The main driver of environment degradation was that mono-crop plantation leading to forest encroachment , land degradation, issues on arable land rights, wildfire problem, and wild animals intruding into cultivated land.

Long-term Goal of Landscape Strategy is the enhancement of the resilience capacity of society, economy, and ecosystems of the landscape through community-based activities.

10-year Goal: Natural resources and ecological systems in Phetchabun Mountains are being used and managed in a balanced manner , with increased capacity of community, under sound participatory management and good governance

Plan for Advocacy:

The substantial result of project implementation is presented and disseminated at local,provincial and regional level through open forums. Relevant policy-wise recommendation is also submitted to local administrative organizations, provincial administrative organizations and upto the departmental/ ministerial level for integration into each level of development plan.

Plan for Replication and Upscale:

Direction 1. Upgrading projects with potentials and capitals for replication/upscale in other locations or expansion of networks.

Direction 2. Replicating results of SGP experience, motivating and upgrading SGP model projects with substantial achievement and capacity to influence local organizations for local action plans or local acts.

Direction 3.Presenting lessons learnt, consolidated knowledge and achievement of projects to responsible government agencies, at both provincial and country level.

12

Projects

50

Villages

82.61

Total area / sq km

Power in Numbers

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